Crime And Catch Fenders - 1321 Words

Crime is all around us, but, unlike the general public, we encounter it daily as members of the law enforcement community. Our job is to do our best in preventing crime and catching the offenders that slip through our crime prevention methods. The following questions often come up: Are our current methods the best? If not, how can we better improve our practices to eradicate crime and catch the offenders? Police strategies are, inherently, reactive, but, recently, the law enforcement community has started to develop more proactive strategies to more efficiently eradicate crime (Groff et al. 2014, pg.23). Among these proactive police strategies is a rather recent practice called hot-spot policing (Groff et al. 2014, pg.23). There are many†¦show more content†¦In this report I will define hot-spot policing and dissect what researchers have studied in regards to hot-spot policing. The logical place to start when discussing hot-spot policing is simply what hot-spot policing real ly is and how it is used. Hot-spot policing encompasses a couple types of direct patrol practices that narrow in on places of high crime so that law enforcement can concentrate on places that have increasingly elevated criminal activity reports (Telep, Mitchell, Weisburd 2012, pg. 906). While the term hot-spot policing, as well as, the systematic approach to crime-concentrated areas is relatively new, officers often know their patrol routes well enough that they already knew where the high crime areas were (Braga 2008, pg.6). The systematic approach is, supposedly, what really helps the officers get results in eradicating crime in areas (Braga 2008, pg.6). These practices, supposedly, allow officers to vigorously reduce crime in order to create better, safer neighborhoods and communities (Telep, Mitchell, Weisburd 2012, pg.906). Generally speaking, there are three major types of hot-spot policing practices: foot patrol, problem-oriented policing, and offender-focused policing (Gro ff et al. 2014, pg.23). Other hot-spot policing methods could be upping the amount of arrests for certain crimes or being aggressive in maintaining order in rough neighborhoods (Kochel 2011, pg.351). All of these

Todd Anderson A New Student At Welton Academy - 899 Words

Todd Anderson is a new student at Welton Academy who is painfully shy. Following the footsteps of his older brother who also attended Welton Academy and went on to be accepted into Yale and become a lawyer. Several times throughout the movie people already have high expectations of him saying â€Å"so you’re THAT Anderson†. Todd meets his roommate Neil Perry, an outgoing and ambitious student. While Todd is unpacking, Neil’s friends come into their room to hangout but are quickly interrupted by Neil’s domineering father. He announces to Neil that he has to drop the Annual club so he can focus on his studies in order to become a doctor. When Neil begins to protest his father takes him in the hallway and reprimands him for back talking. On the first day of classes we see the boys going from class to class, with teachers standing at the front and everyone silently listening at their desks. But when they get to their English class, Mr. Keating starts by taking the boys to the trophy case and showing how most of the people in the pictures are dead. A very heavy subject to be talking about, he explains what Carpe Diem means and why the boys need to apply it to their lives. He also tells the boys that they can refer to him as Captain. Throughout the rest of the movie we see several different teaching styles, at one point he had the students take turns standing on his desk so that they could see the world differently. Another time he had the boys begin to read the introductory chapterShow MoreRelatedSieze the Day in the Dead Poet Society by Tom Schulman Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesSchulman’s Dead Poet’s Society, the students of Welton Academy, an all-boys preparatory school, quarrel between tradition and individuality. Mr. Keating emphasizes the value of emotions, mystery and imagination through the teaching of romanticism. The realist administration of Welton founded on the pillars of â€Å"tradition, honor, discipline, [and] excellence†, contrast Keating’s passionate teachings. With stringent expectations, the classic film showcases the students’ struggle between satisfying theirRead MoreThe Dead Poets Society : Honor, Discipline, And Excellence1258 Words   |  6 Pagesat Welton Academy, a prep school located in Vermont, 1959. The Headmaster of the school is Mr. Nolan, who is very strict and traditional leader. The film focuses around a group of boys that attend Welton, who later reinstate the Dead Poets Society (DPS). The boys are Neil Perry, Todd Anderson, Charlie Dalton, Richard Cameron, Pitts, Meeks, and Knox Overstreet. Two of the lead boys are Neil Perry and Todd Anderson. Another main character is Mr. Keating, who is the new poetry teacher at Welton AcademyRead MoreDead Poets Society By Robert Weir941 Words   |  4 Pagesadvanced state, especially gradually or in stages.† The amount progression or change that the students authorized to seep into their lives played a significant role in their place at the end of the film. The students that attended Welton Academy in Peter Weir’s 1989 film, Dead Poets Society all had contrasting levels of character progression, varying from indistinguishable to momentus, whether it was Todd who made very discernible progress, or Dalton and Knox who remained mostly unwavered. Three charactersRead MoreEssay on Dead Poets Society Character Analysis1074 Words   |  5 PagesSociety, students at Welton Academy (who are accustomed to strict discipline) are suddenly experiencing change when a new teacher, John Keating(a former student and a member of the Dead Poets Society), arrives to teach them English with unorthodox methods, opening up a new world for the students. The students all react differently to Keating: some resist while others do not change at all. Charlie Dalton (a rebellious and rich boy) becomes even further rebellious and gets himself expelled; Todd AndersonRead MoreEssay on Film Review of Dead Poets Society642 Words   |  3 Pagescontrasting ideals are presented to the students at an all boys preparatory school. Welton Academy is founded on tradition and excellence and is bent on providing strict structured lessons prescribed by the realist, anti-youth administration. John Keating is a new English teacher with a passion for poetry. When he returns to his own strict childhood school to teach, his unconventional methods quickly prove to be inspirational to a group of students. He inspires them to pursue theirRead MoreSummary Of Dead Poet s Society1391 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of students whom were unhappy with their education, even though they attended the â€Å"best prep school in America.† Most of the students were controlled in one way or another when it came to their education and life as a whole. Over the course of the movie, the boys gradually opened up and their personalities shined through as the seemingly unusual, replacement English teacher began to change their opinion on learning. Although Mr. Keating’s approach was very different from what the students wereRead MoreUnique Perspective to Teaching: Dead Poets Society Essay992 Words   |  4 PagesDead Poets Society, John Keating becomes the new English teacher at Welton Academy, an esteemed school rooted in tradition, after attending as a student years ago. He teaches using an unconventional style which is different from the traditional English curriculum, and in t he process, he exposes the students to a new perspective on the subject and principles for living life. Keating encourages free-thinking and condemns the textbook which prevents the students from thinking for themselves. Other individualsRead MoreEssay On Dead Poets Society1297 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Weir, takes place in a boys boarding school, called Welton Academy. The film follows the stories of multiple boys, including Todd Anderson, who attend the school, and the challenges that each one must face. The novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, also features the topic of boys boarding schools as the main character, Holden Caulfield, remembers his experiences at three of them. Although both boys attend boarding schools, Todd forms better relationships with both his classmates andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Dead Poets Society 863 Words   |  4 Pageswere in a strict private school, Welton Academy, where they must study rigorously. They were accustomed to memorizing information, never think of themselves until the arrival of Mr. John Keating who inspires his students to think of themselves and overcome their reluctance to make changes in their lives and stirs up their interests in poetry and literature. After watching this film, Mr Keating impressed many people deeply and touched most students, and in many students’ mind, he is truly a great teacherRead MoreDead Poets Society Transcendentalism Analysis1168 Words   |  5 PagesDead poet’s society was filmed through the eyes of transcendentalism using Emerson’s philosophy, as seen in walden. The film deals with a group of young men who attend a very strict boarding school and the english teacher who gives them a new perspective on everything, the damaging effects of conformity, beautiful sense of nature, and emphasis of simplicity and individuality are shown in many elements throughout Dead Poet’s Society and are ultimately highlighted by emerson and thoreau’s philosophies

Electricity Is Generated Speed Breakers †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Electricity Is Generated Speed Breakers? Answer: Introduction Electricity distribution is one of the major concern in India, where people encounter various problems due to lack of electricity. Thus, the idea to produce the electricity is initiated by using the roads, which has speed breakers. The potential energy that is produced by vehicle when it passes over the speed breaker is transferred to kinetic energy. This system is innovative, ideal and useful to generate more electricity in India. However, earlier electricity was not available instead of electricity people used kerosene lamps. After 1800s two current sources were used, DC (Direct current) and AC (Alternative current). AC current electricity was used in arc lamps. But, according to "Reciprocating bump", electricity can also be produced when the rotor crosses the speed breaker. Literature Review According to (Prabu and G, 2017), the author states that the efforts for generating multiple-year planning tool is used for determining the solution, for the renewable energy. It is feasible both in terms of technical and economic considerations. Because, it should be made for the operating structures according to present situation, then based on the pricing system of electricity, alternatives of project funding and subvention frameworks, where renewable energy is deployed in the remote places. The reason for the renewable energy is feasible, under the funding alternatives and under the current operating situation. For the assessment of renewable energy configuration, a detailed model in dynamics had been proposed which is based on the downtime of the equipment and the available energy that results in feasible solution, in technical methods. But, economically they are not necessary. To consider the tradeoffs in the economic evaluation, additional deterministic model had been used bet ween the cost and reliability along with the multi objective Inter Linear Programming (ILP) proposal, for assessing the risk at different levels of configurations. Hourly load time series and yearly electricity demand growth rate are considered as the least requirements of data. Due to extensive load level range for the whole year, the periodical growth rates are preferred. Renewable energy model is accessible for the large customers whose consumption of electricity is high. The capabilities of the model proposed is given in twelve scenarios and the benefits for evaluating many projects across a planning horizon was highlighted. This kind of project policy supports the renewable energy which also provides an advantage for the government, than the other social benefits. It was noted that, further integration of renewable energy in the remote communities is essential for the potential benefits, which must be taken into account. As per (Arriaga, Canizares and Kazerani, 2016), the author found how to make use of the energy that is wasted while a vehicle passes over a speed breaker. Energy is produced in a greater quantity, when a vehicle passes over it. The energy that is produced can be trapped and power can be produced by using the speed breaker, as a power generating unit. The moving vehicles produce kinetic energy which can be transformed to mechanical energy of the shaft, with the help of rack pinion mechanism. The mechanical energy that is transformed is further converted into electrical energy that can be stored in the battery, with the help of a generator. The vehicle travelling at the high speed is being stroked by wind. Conversion of potential energy to the electrical energy is the principle that is involved. While the vehicle moves over it, it gains increased potential power that is wasted in the conventional rumble strip and when it comes down, the ratchet-wheel type mechanism is attached with a c rank lever that rotates the shaft and is coupled to dynamo. Thus, it results in electricity i.e., produced from the kinetic energy. It is stated in (Srivastava and Asthana, 2017) that, the steady flow of the electricity is produced by controlling the speed of the rotor. In this case, the electricity is produced in windings. These windings are connected to the electricity network. Normally, a vehicles weight is 1000kg with a height of 10cm and the rumble strip produces approximately 0.98KW. So, 1KW electricity was produced where hundred vehicles were passed on the speed breaker. There are some Equipment in this research like ball bearings, springs, dynamo, speed breakers, rack and pinion gears. Rack is the flat, and the pinion is the gear. The rack and pinion method is used to convert rotary to linear motion and linear to rotor. Spring is used to store a mechanical energy and it is a flexible elastic object, which is made out of hardened steel. A dynamo is otherwise called as stator, because it consists of stationary structure and it provides a stable magnetic field. Speed breakers are used to slow down the speed of vehicle. A lot of electricity is produced by using this method and enough electricity was stored for the near future. This proposal is used to developed the country and utilize the sources in a useful manner. According to (Ekawati and Mardiah, 2017) the Speed Pump is one of the most important tool, which is used to decrease the speed of the oncoming vehicles. It is also used in the residential area and in the highways. The speed bumps nature of being frequently run over by the oncoming vehicles, have a great potential for harvesting the respective mechanical energy that can be converted into electrical energy, by using the electrical energy converter circuit. The authors examine the speed pump with the help of the spring component and cantilever with piezoelectric component. Two main approaches are used includes, utilization of bidirectional resonance frequency tenability and the electromagnetic pick up. These approaches are used to produce the equipment mobility. To overcome the disadvantages of the primary prototype, certain modifications are made to it. Therefore, the drivers trend to expressively slow down the vehicle and thus they slowly ride over the speed bump. The car deposits the mechanical pressure on the speed bump, which is in the form of wide-and-shallow signals. These signals cover only less amount of energy that quickly dissolve along with the mechanical energy transmitter and conversion system. This mechanical model is mainly implemented to analyze the overall relationship between the physical variables. By this, the user can identify the effects of the variations in the module. Second prototype contains, three core module like speed up with the help of spring module. This module is responsible to transfer the mechanical energy to the second module, by using the knocker. The second module contains two stacks of cantilevers with piezoelectric plates. The third module collects the produced voltages, rectifies and converts them into DC, and then gathers the equivalent electrical energy, into the capacitor. The mechanical communication between these modules are demonstrated. The authors evaluate the approaches based on the lab tests and vehicle tests. Th e lab test is used to identify the effect of cantilever energy. Vehicle test is equivalent to 180 repetitive hits on the lab test i.e., the motorcycle test can produce 1.5 Volt output. The energy stored in the capacitor was 12.57%. This occurred because, the system was configured for motorcar as the load, not motorcycle. This can specify that the system achieves better results if it is utilized by the motorcars as a design. Multiple tests are applied to the system to select the optimal parts that are used to build the system. The overall output is, 76.92% of the energy, produced by the test. As per (Prakash, Rao and Srinuvas, 2014) the authors state that, energy is important for describing the physical system and generates power, when the vehicles move on the road. Which can be proceed by announcing the powered bearing that rotates the shaft in a single direction. The return or upcoming stroke is accessed by the suspension system. They use the mechanism called RPGS, with the help of this method, the vehicles move over 3 joints and 4 plates. The (RPGS) road power generation system is a type of design, which is used to capture the kinetic and waste energy from all the vehicles. This method converts the kinetic energy to electric energy. The road power generation system covers the method called driving one flywheel into another. RPG flywheel has implemented to reach the greater amount of inertia movement in comparatively small space. The converted electricity can be utilized by various purpose such as streetlights on road and lightings of signal. There are different types o f components used like, frame, plates, connecting rod, sprocket wheels, chains, dynamo, bearings and light. It is determined that, the vehicular traffic could be used for proper generation which introduces a new technique or method called Power Hump. It cannot use external source. The author approaches the devices with voltage protection in future and device with control of flywheel speed. According to (Khan and Khan, 2017) the authors states that, the vehicles are passing through ramps energy by harnessing method. The energy is wasted if it is not harvested. This paper, sheds light on the new idea for rotational conversion with the help of gear mechanism and flywheel, which is used under the road. The system assumed a vehicle passing by, through time interval that can produce the energy outcome, and the vehicles power is considered as input in a specified time interval. The authors describe the concept of harvesting system of the hump energy. The flywheel is setup with 85 kilo gram material of cast iron with 355 diameter. The author approaches for future platform, for energy harvesting with naturally sustainability. It can be recovered by vehicular traffic on the highways, centers with logistics, pedestrian of school crossing and junctions, with a concept of smart city layouts. This paper (K.Ravivarma, 2013), tells about some new techniques to preserve the environment and also increases the optimal utilization of energy. The advanced technologies are used for getting efficient power from the vehicle. Only the movement of car is the reason for this kind of energy generation. Speed bump is an essential part of mechanical equipment, which the proposed method focused on getting the efficient power from the vehicle, whenever there is a movement. Hydraulic mechanism is used for the generation of electrical power from the mechanical energy by the movement of vehicle. Speed bumper is the important part of car, in which translational vertical movement is converted into rotational movement. Crank shift systems are used for this energy conversion mechanism. The load selection is very important for this energy conversion and cooling mechanism. Grip is created between speed breaker and some join by the speed bumper. Crank shaft mechanism is required to solve the balanci ng problems like bearing damage. It is stated that (Wang et al., 2016), the conversion from mechanical energy into electrical energy is done by the mechanical motion rectifier. Impulses like upward and downward is harvested with this technique. The design and development of mechanical system is focused on meeting the energy saving requirements. Peak electrical power (1270W) is harvested by using this mechanism. The energy conversion of MMR and the link between vehicle and SBH is created. For large amount of energy harvesting, mechanical motion rectifier mechanism is used. SBH is the proposed method for increasing the capability of energy harvesting. This paper deals with the harvesting modelling and design of the mechanical parts, like up-down conversion of electrical energy. To avoid the external water, entering into vehicles has been avoided by constructing speed bump. By the conversion mechanism electrical energy is generated by the rotation of shaft. The direction independent process takes place for generating c ontinuous power, by the movement of vehicle. SBH method is used to generate electrical energy during the mechanical movement of the vehicle. Conversions from mechanical energy into electrical energy is done, by the rotational movement of the car. This paper deal with some important technique known as MMR which is the most important technique i.e., used for power saving methodology. As per (Ramadan, Khaled and Hage, 2015), power is produced by the moving vehicles, on the road. Power generation by speed bumps is an effective technology in power system applications. Mechanical system involved in vehicle, converts the kinetic energy into electrical energy. In this paper, SBPG with different types is explained. To decrease the fossil fuel utilization, renewable energy sources are taken as the most powerful strategy. Most of the research focuses on the commonly used renewable energy sources. For electrical energy harvesting, electrical energy generated by speed bump method has also been used. The electrical, mechanical and linking parts are involved in this type of power generation. When the car moves, some pressure is created by the mechanical parts of the vehicle and this mechanism is controlled by the shaft rotation. Crack-shaft, roller and speed pumps are commonly used mechanisms, which prove to be helpful. The main aim is focused on converting kinetic energy int o electrical energy. Pinion and rack are the two main mechanisms used for the construction of prototype. Diameter and length plays a major role for the creation of right structure, which has been taken as 38cm and 3.5 cm. A rack consists of pinion and spring i.e., hold by the bumps. Speed bump power generators are used for obtaining car's kinetic energy into electrical energy. Depending on the prototype used by the manufacturer, this energy system also varies. When the 84kg and 73kg masses are given, electrical energy was generated. Evaluation The limitations for the electricity generation by road pumps includes, attaining proper balance of the torque and speed is challenging for generating electricity by road pumps. Due to the rain water, the generation of electricity might get damaged. In a short period of time, checking the mechanism from time-to-time is the other limitation for generating electricity, using speed bumps. Appropriate mechanisms are required to improve the efficiency of the electricity generation for implementing the road bumps technology. Conclusion The conversion of kinetic energy of the car which passes on to the speed bump into the electric energy is detailed, to generate electricity. The effective mechanism which is used in the speed bumps like roller, crack-shaft, pinion and hydraulic mechanisms are explained. The implementation of Road Power Generation fly wheel to reach the great amount of inertia movement is mentioned. It is determined that rain water can harm electricity generation. The converted electricity is also been used for the street lights. The proposed method of the SBH to increase the capability of energy harvesting is discussed. The approach of the device with voltage protection and flywheel speed control for the future need is discussed. References Arriaga, M., Canizares, C. and Kazerani, M. (2016). Long-Term Renewable Energy Planning Model for Remote Communities.IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 7(1), pp.221-231. Ekawati, E. and Mardiah, R. (2017). Speed Bump with Piezoelectric Cantilever System as Electrical Energy Harvester. K, R. and B, D. (2017). Power Generation Using Hydraulic Mechanism at Speed bumper. Khan, u. and Khan, s. (2017). Energy harvesting for backup power supply using speed humps. Prabu, G. and G, E. (2017). Electricity Generation by Speed Breaker. Prakash, C., Rao, A. and Srinuvas, P. (2014). Road Power Generation by Speed Breaker.International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 11(2), pp.75-78. Ramadan, M., Khaled, M. and Hage, H. (2015). Using Speed Bump for Power Generation Experimental Study.Energy Procedia, 75, pp.867-872. Srivastava, S. and Asthana, A. (2017). PRODUCE ELECTRICITY BY THE USE OF SPEED BREAKERS. Wang, L., Todaria, P., Pandey, A., O'Connor, J., Chernow, B. and Zuo, L. (2016). An Electromagnetic Speed Bump Energy Harvester and Its Interactions with Vehicles.IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 21(4), pp.1985-1994.

Socialism Essay Example

Socialism Essay Katie KleinHistory 102Section 009Socialism is, and has been since its creation, a misunderstood political philosophy, especially in the capitalistic Western world. The common view of socialism by democracy and its supporters is that it suppresses the voice of the individual in order to create a uniform society where the weak (the poor) feed off the strong (the rich). In reality, Marx’s aim in his socialist philosophy is not in the transformation of the political constitution of society, nor the elimination of disparities between the social classes, but rather the ability of many to have control of his own destiny. This is outlined in Marx’s Communist Manifesto, which attributes the realization of this autonomous power only through the reformation of the previously mentioned societal agents. The exerpt in study is one from the autobiography of Ottillie Baader, a German socialist woman whos lived during the turn of the 20th century. The root of Baader’s accordance with socialism lies in her experience as a laborer, who is slave to the industrial system, which pits employee against his employer, his fellow employee, and his familly member, and ultimately results in the complete discontent in one’s life amassed by the tremendous struggle to survive. The aim of Marxist socialism is the eradicate the very hardhsips experienced by Baader, and many other laborers, that make life seemingly not worth living. The exerpt specifically adresses Baader’s experience as a worker in the industrial market alongside growing technology and capitalism. She describes her working conditions as arduous and tiring, working 11 hours a day, with a small break for lunch, along side 100 other women operating a sewing machine in the exact same way (Baader Lines 26-28). This type of working condition is mentioned in the Manisfesto when Marx describes the montony and simplicity of such factory jobs, which make the worker â€Å"an appendage of the machine,â⠂¬  and causes him to lose all

Examples of How Not to Begin an Essay

Examples of How Not to Begin an Essay When was the last time you ran across a really good hooker? Thats Stephen Kings term for a particularly enticing opening sentence in a story or essay- a knock-you-dead first line that compels you to keep reading. In Great Hookers I Have Known, King says that an effective hooker-sentence offers readers the pleasure of instant gratification (Secret Windows, 2000). The opposite of a hooker might be called a chaser- a bore-you-to-death introduction that drives readers away. At best, a chaser may hint at delayed gratification. More often it provides little more than an excuse to stop reading. Examples of the Worst Kinds of Essay Opening Lines Here are 10 examples of such boring or baffling opening lines- chasers that youll want to avoid when composing your own essays. The examples are in italics, and the explanations are in bold. According to my dictionary . . . Avoid leads [or ledes] that quote Websters- the Jim Belushi of openings, according to Annie Edison in Community. It accomplishes nothing, but everyone keeps on using it. When you gave us this assignment to describe in detail a place you know well, my first thought was to write about my bedroom closet. . . .As a general rule, avoid openings that comment on the writing assignment itself. One dark and stormy night, the ghost of General Oglethorpe grabbed me by the goolies and hurled me down the castle stairs. . . .Dont strain too hard to shock or amaze, especially if you cant maintain that level of excitement. Sometimes youve got to stick your neck out on a limb and keep your nose to the grindstone. . . .Avoid clichà ©s and mixed metaphors. In this essay, after giving the subject a lot of thought, I am going to write about . . ..Skip the announcements. Life is like a box of chocolates, my Mama used to say, quoting Forrest Gump. . . .Dont get too c ute. Your mama has terrible opinions on essay writing . . .Dont get belligerent. Framed fantastically against the expansive cerulean sky was a soaring wedge of gossiping, gabbling geese, a shimmering cocaine-colored V haloed in sunlight and dusted with the durable dreams of earthbound warriors . . ..Avoid excessive alliteration, needless modifiers, and Rogets Thesaurus. Wikipedia says . . . Challenge questionable facts and steer clear of dubious sources. It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin doors, crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms.* . . .No matter what else you do, never plagiarize. * This is the opening sentence of Jonathan Swifts satirical essay A Modest Proposal.Now its time to take a more positive approach. For examples of fresh and compelling opening lines- that is, some truly good hookers- see these two articles: How to Begin an Essay: 13 Engaging Strategies With ExamplesWhack at Your Reader at Once: Eight Great Opening Lines

Et Al. Meaning and How to Use It

Et Al. Meaning and How to Use It Et al. essentially means â€Å"and others,† extra, or in addition. It is the abbreviated form of the Latin expression et alia (or et alii or et aliae, the masculine and feminine form of the plural, respectively). The abbreviation et al. often appears in academic documents. It is generally used in footnotes and citations: for example, when a book has multiple authors, et al. can be used after the first name to indicate that there are more than two other authors who worked on the project.   How to Use Et Al. Et al. can be used in a situation that refers to more than two people. Make sure it’s always followed with a period, which indicates that it’s an abbreviation, but given its prevalence in the English language, italicizing it is not necessary in reference citations, though some publications may require it. According to the APA, it should only be used when there are two or more authors. For three to five authors, all names must be listed within the first citation, but all following citations can include just the name of the first author and et al. For six or more authors, the first author and et al. can be used in all citations, including the first. If you’re referencing sources with many of the same authors, spell out as many names as possible before using et al., until there is no room for confusion. If using a different style guide, be sure to reference the corresponding manual as rules can differ. Keep in mind that since et al. is plural, it must apply to at least two people. For example, if you are dealing with four authors and have typed out three names, you cannot use et al. to substitute the last one, since it cannot be used in place of just one person. Does it have a place outside of citations? Generally, no. Though not technically incorrect, it would be rare, and overly formal, to see it within an email greeting to multiple people, such as: â€Å"Dear Bill et al.†Ã‚   Et Al. vs. Etc. Et al. might sound familiar to another abbreviation we encounter regularly: â€Å"etc.† Short for â€Å"et cetera†- which means â€Å"and the rest† in Latin- â€Å"etc.† refers to a list of things, rather than individuals. Unlike et al. which normally makes appearances in academic sources, â€Å"etc.† is both formal and informal and can be used in a wide variety of contexts. Examples of Et Al. Jolly et al. (2017) published a revolutionary study on the role of the gut microbiome: In this sentence, et al. doesn’t appear on a reference list, but still serves to indicate that Jolly and others contributed to the study in question.  Some large-scale surveys found cats to be the preferred pet (McCann et al., 1980) while others found dogs to be the ideal pet (Grisham Kane, 1981): In this example, et al. is used in the first citation because there are more than two authors. If this is a first citation, that indicates there are six or more authors, or if this is a subsequent citation in the text, there could be three or above authors. Et al. is not used in the last citation because there are only two authors who worked on the study.  Meditation once a week was found to improve focus by 20% in study participants (Hunter, Kennedy, Russell, Aarons, 2009). Meditation once a day was found to increase focus by 40% among participants (Hunter et al., 2009): This example, though citations of the same study would normally not occur in such close proximity, shows how et al. is used when introducing a work co-authored by three to five individuals. Et al. is reserved for all subsequent citations, with the first clearly naming everyone involved.   The Other â€Å"Et Al.†: Et Alibi In less common situations, et al. stands for et alibi, which refers to locations that will not appear in a list. For example, if you went on a trip, you could use et alibi when writing down the places and hotels you visited so you don’t have to name all of them. This can also be used to refer to locations within a text.   How do you remember what this means? Think of an alibi, which is used to prove that a criminal suspect was elsewhere when the crime took place, thus absolving them of suspicion.

1.Water should be privatized rather than made a public good. 2.Water Essay

1.Water should be privatized rather than made a public good. 2.Water should be piped out of the Great Lakes to provide to water-restricted states - Essay Example te more social gains such as increased coverage and quality but on the other side, it creates low political benefits such as loss of employments as well as hiked prices (Mandri- Perrott 24). US has enjoyed abundant supply of water for the last half of 20C but considering the rate of poor water management practices as well as the persistent droughts, these privilege will surely last for a short time. As much as future generations will demand more water systems, climate change predicts to decrease the currently available supplies. A Government Accountability survey of the Unites states found out that water managers in 36 states are likely to face water shortages during the first two decades of this century. A sustainable approach to using water resources is the only remedy to ensure regulation of water usage besides ensuring supply of quality water to Americans. The remedy to this critical water situation may just be the privatisation of water sources instead of making it a public good (Mandri-Perrott 24). As much as others may claim that water is a natural resource and should not be economic, they are wrong because the same water faces the forces of economics such as supply and demand. Despite the fact that God gives water freely for all humanity, water has to go through various economic processes such as collection, management, processing, treating as well as packaging of drinking water( Frerot 104). In addition, to supply this water to the Americans, there has to be installation of expensive systems of reservoirs, channels, treatment plants as well as pipes. Those who claim that providing clean water by the government is a responsibility duty fail to understand that the government has to invest a lot (Frerot 104). The government cannot afford the investment needed in ensuring removal of dirty wastewater and human wastes in sanitation systems hence making privatization necessary (Mandri-Perrott 24). Water is a limited natural resource and humankind should